{"id":2231,"date":"2026-07-21T15:04:04","date_gmt":"2026-07-21T15:04:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/?page_id=2231"},"modified":"2026-08-05T15:39:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T15:39:22","slug":"theme-4-grand-challenge-applications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/?page_id=2231","title":{"rendered":"Theme 4: Grand Challenge Applications &#8211; Research Highlights"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2231\" class=\"elementor elementor-2231\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ef5656d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ef5656d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-da12e38\" data-id=\"da12e38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82102ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"82102ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bc211f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2bc211f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1d4a20b\" data-id=\"1d4a20b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b34921 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b34921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Theme 4: Grand Challenge Applications - Research Highlights\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-373c228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"373c228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b9c33c\" data-id=\"8b9c33c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd96340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fd96340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e4368a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e4368a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e84fc9f\" data-id=\"e84fc9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31823a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d31823a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GenDRAM: Hardware-Software Co-Design of General Platform in DRAM<\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-609c887 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"609c887\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2af73ab\" data-id=\"2af73ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-272f897 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"272f897\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cccc3\" data-id=\"71cccc3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96c5f51 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96c5f51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Tsung-Han Lu, Weihong Xu, and Tajana Rosing<\/span><\/p><p><b>Affiliations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0University of California, San Diego (UCSD)<\/span><\/p><p><b>Repository \/ Publication:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0arXiv:2602.23828 (cs.AR)<\/span><\/p><p><b>Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0February 2026\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><b>DOI:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a010.48550\/arXiv.2602.23828<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11720e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11720e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8448029\" data-id=\"8448029\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533919d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533919d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-de4c02a\" data-id=\"de4c02a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64da63c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64da63c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dynamic programming (DP) algorithms, such as All-Pairs Shortest Path (APSP) and genomic sequence alignment, are fundamental to many scientific domains but are severely bottlenecked by data movement on conventional architectures. While Processing-in-Memory (PIM) offers a promising solution, existing accelerators often address only a fraction of the work-flow, creating new system-level bottlenecks in host-accelerator communication and off-chip data streaming. In this work, we propose GenDRAM, a massively parallel PIM accelerator, (Figure 1(a)), that overcomes these limitations. GenDRAM leverages the immense capacity and internal bandwidth of monolithic 3D DRAM(M3D DRAM), illustrated in Figure 1 (b), to integrate entire data-intensive pipelines, such as the full genomics workflow from seeding to alignment, onto a single heterogeneous chip. At its core is a novel architecture featuring specialized Search PUs for memory-intensive tasks and universal, multiplier-less Compute PUs for diverse DP calculations. This is enabled by a 3D-aware data mapping strategy that exploits the tiered latency of M3D DRAM for performance optimization. Through comprehensive simulation, we demonstrate that GenDRAM achieves a transformative performance leap, outperforming state-of-the-art GPU systems by over 68\u00d7 on APSP and over 22\u00d7 on the end-to-end genomics pipeline.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ed9d0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3ed9d0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-be7386f\" data-id=\"be7386f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-816c8aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"816c8aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img data-opt-id=867282600  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"911\" height=\"302\" src=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:911\/h:302\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Figure-1.-overview-of-gendram.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2308\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:911\/h:302\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Figure-1.-overview-of-gendram.png 911w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:300\/h:99\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Figure-1.-overview-of-gendram.png 300w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:768\/h:255\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Figure-1.-overview-of-gendram.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b85f2a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b85f2a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f80ce03\" data-id=\"f80ce03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45e7a74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"45e7a74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ba9e6c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ba9e6c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3345c26\" data-id=\"3345c26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478712b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"478712b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1fc8bb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1fc8bb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fff0bc4\" data-id=\"fff0bc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9324068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9324068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Windsock is Dancing: Adaptive Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation<\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87ba00b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87ba00b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d587ef7\" data-id=\"d587ef7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d949389 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d949389\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dcd7698\" data-id=\"dcd7698\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-407a392 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"407a392\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shu Zhao, Tianyi Shen, Nilesh Ahuja, Omesh Tickoo, and Vijaykrishnan Narayanan.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Affiliations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The Pennsylvania State University &amp; Intel<\/span><\/p><p><b>Repository \/ Publication:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0arXiv (arXiv:2510.22694) \/ PMLR (Vol. 322)<\/span><\/p><p><b>Publication Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0October 2025<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-01b6a15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"01b6a15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ab75b8\" data-id=\"1ab75b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b070ed5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b070ed5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741c9c6\" data-id=\"741c9c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecc0b1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ecc0b1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) has emerged as a promising method to generate factual and up-to-date responses of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) by incorporating non-parametric knowledge from external knowledge bases. However, existing MRAG approaches suffer from static retrieval strategies, inflexible modality selection, and suboptimal utilization of retrieved information, leading to three critical challenges: determining when to retrieve, what modality to incorporate, and how to utilize retrieved information effectively. To address these challenges, we introduce Windsock, illustrated in Figure 2, a query dependent module making decisions on retrieval necessity and modality selection, effectively reducing computational overhead and improving response quality. Additionally, we propose Dynamic Noise Resistance (DANCE) Instruction Tuning, an adaptive training strategy that enhances MLLMs\u2019 ability to utilize retrieved information while maintaining robustness against noise. Moreover, we adopt a self-assessment approach leveraging knowledge within MLLMs to convert question-answering datasets to MRAG training datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed method significantly improves the generation quality by 17.07% while reducing 8.95% retrieval times.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b8f2af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4b8f2af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7fa2caf\" data-id=\"7fa2caf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81b76b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"81b76b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img data-opt-id=416234958  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"853\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:853\/h:378\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Windsock.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2309\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:853\/h:378\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Windsock.png 853w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:300\/h:133\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Windsock.png 300w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:768\/h:340\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Windsock.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-19d458e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"19d458e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94b2493\" data-id=\"94b2493\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d6376 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"95d6376\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c17837b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c17837b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cde1f2f\" data-id=\"cde1f2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-499f0b0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"499f0b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ad3626d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ad3626d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-333a863\" data-id=\"333a863\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d71ca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d71ca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monolithic 3D FPGA Design and Synthesis with Back-End-of-Line Configuration Memories<\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-abb6c9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"abb6c9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bf3aea4\" data-id=\"bf3aea4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9721962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9721962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4ee723\" data-id=\"d4ee723\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abd5811 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abd5811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faaiq Waqar, Jiahao Zhang, Anni Lu, Zifan He, Jason Cong, Shimeng Yu<\/span><\/p><p><b>Affiliations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Georgia Institute of Technology &amp; University of California \u2013 Los Angeles<\/span><\/p><p><b>DOI:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DAC63849.2025.11132615\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.1109\/DAC63849.2025.11132615<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><b>Publication Date:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0September 2025<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-38dddea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"38dddea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-457b969\" data-id=\"457b969\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a7cf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3a7cf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abstract:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-109a8c5\" data-id=\"109a8c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f37d85d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f37d85d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This work presents a novel monolithic 3D (M3D) FPGA architecture that leverages stackable back-end-of-line (BEOL) transistors to implement configuration memory and pass gates, significantly improving area, latency, and power efficiency. By integrating n-type (W-doped In<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and p-type (SnO) amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) transistors in the BEOL, Si SRAM configuration bits are substituted with a less leaky equivalent that can be programmed at logic-compatible voltages. BEOL-compatible AOS transistors are currently under extensive research and development in the device community, with investment by leading foundries, from which reported data is used to develop robust physics-based models in TCAD that enable circuit design. The use of AOS pass gates reduces the overhead of reconfigurable circuits by mapping FPGA switch block (SB) and connection block (CB) matrices above configurable logic blocks (CLBs), thereby increasing the proximity of logic elements and reducing latency. By interfacing with the latest Verilog-to-Routing (VTR) suite, an AOS-based M3D FPGA implemented in 7 nm technology is demonstrated with\u00a03.4x\u00a0lower area-time squared product (AT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), 27% lower critical path latency, and 26% lower reconfigurable routing block power on benchmarks including hyperdimensional computing and large language models (LLMs).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0fdd4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0fdd4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd44f2d\" data-id=\"fd44f2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-954e4a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"954e4a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img data-opt-id=1757739773  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"882\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:882\/h:477\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/M3D-FPGA.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2313\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:882\/h:477\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/M3D-FPGA.png 882w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:300\/h:162\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/M3D-FPGA.png 300w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:768\/h:415\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/M3D-FPGA.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-226d797 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"226d797\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d12901\" data-id=\"6d12901\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbff4ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cbff4ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9571fbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9571fbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-231249f\" data-id=\"231249f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0759f2c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0759f2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5cbb0b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5cbb0b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc1c23c\" data-id=\"dc1c23c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a431a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a431a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single-Cell Universal Logic-in-Memory Using 2T-nC FeRAM: An Area and Energy-Efficient Approach for Bulk Bitwise Computation<\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be9046b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"be9046b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93dc281\" data-id=\"93dc281\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f63f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5f63f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad94d1d\" data-id=\"ad94d1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ce6690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ce6690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rudra Biswas, Jiahui Duan, Shan Deng, Xuezhong Niu, Yixin Qin, Prapti Panigrahi, Varun Parekh, Rajiv Joshi, Kai Ni, and Vijaykrishnan Narayanan<\/span><\/p><p><b>Affiliations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The Pennsylvania State University, University of Notre Dame, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center<\/span><\/p><p><b>DOI :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SOCC66126.2025.11235435\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.1109\/SOCC66126.2025.11235435<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><b>Publication Date: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">November 2025<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-78c0eda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"78c0eda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e7165a\" data-id=\"9e7165a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e66e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3e66e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abstract:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-87518a4\" data-id=\"87518a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcaf329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcaf329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This work presents a novel approach to configure 2T-nC ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) for performing single cell logic-in-memory operations, highlighting its advantages in energy-efficient computation over conventional DRAM-based approaches. Unlike conventional 1T-1C dynamic RAM (DRAM), which incurs refresh overhead, 2T-nC FeRAM offers a promising alternative as a non-volatile memory solution with low energy consumption. Our key findings include the potential of quasi-nondestructive readout (QNRO) sensing in 2T-nC FeRAM for logic-in-memory (LiM) applications, demonstrating its inherent capability to perform inverting logic without requiring external modifications, a feature absent in traditional 1T-1C DRAM. We successfully implement the MINORITY function, shown in Figure 4(a), within a single cell of 2T-nC FeRAM, enabling universal NAND and NOR logic, validated through SPICE simulations and experimental data. Additionally, the research investigates the feasibility of 3D integration with 2T-nC FeRAM, highlighted in Figure 4(b), showing substantial improvements in storage and computational density, facilitating bulk-bitwise computation. Our evaluation of eight real-world, data-intensive applications reveals that 2T-nC FeRAM achieves 2x higher performance and 2.5x lower energy consumption compared to DRAM. Furthermore, the thermal stability of stacked 2T-nC FeRAM is validated, confirming its reliable operation when integrated on a compute die. These findings emphasize the advantages of 2T-nC FeRAM for LiM, offering superior performance and energy efficiency over conventional DRAM.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce935ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce935ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1e3f499\" data-id=\"1e3f499\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-109f69f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"109f69f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-05ed4ed\" data-id=\"05ed4ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fcd88f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5fcd88f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b982fee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b982fee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d8652bf\" data-id=\"d8652bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de80002 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"de80002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b97cf09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b97cf09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img data-opt-id=1303810972  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:1157\/h:350\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png\"  loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1157\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:1157\/h:350\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2314\" alt=\"\" old-srcset=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:1157\/h:350\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 1157w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:300\/h:91\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 300w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:1024\/h:310\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 1024w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:768\/h:232\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 768w\" \/><noscript><img data-opt-id=1303810972  loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1157\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:1157\/h:350\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2314\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:1157\/h:350\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 1157w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:300\/h:91\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 300w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:1024\/h:310\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 1024w, https:\/\/mlhg4gntrt4y.i.optimole.com\/w:768\/h:232\/q:mauto\/f:best\/https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/MINORITY.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/></noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae07678 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae07678\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aaf82fa\" data-id=\"aaf82fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e26e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"92e26e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c38274e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c38274e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9548b18\" data-id=\"9548b18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07da8e7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"07da8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Theme 4: Grand Challenge Applications &#8211; Research Highlights GenDRAM: Hardware-Software Co-Design of General Platform in DRAM Authors: \u00a0Tsung-Han Lu, Weihong Xu, and Tajana Rosing Affiliations:\u00a0University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Repository \/ Publication:\u00a0arXiv:2602.23828 (cs.AR) Date:\u00a0February 2026\u00a0\u00a0 DOI:\u00a010.48550\/arXiv.2602.23828 Abstract: Dynamic programming (DP) algorithms, such as All-Pairs Shortest Path (APSP) and genomic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":2182,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/template-pagebuilder-full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2231","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2231","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2231"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2231\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2374,"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2231\/revisions\/2374"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2182"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prism.ucsd.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2231"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}